This commit is contained in:
krahets 2023-08-10 11:35:53 +08:00
parent 3df839efab
commit 90c45dd8a0
8 changed files with 119 additions and 159 deletions

View File

@ -621,36 +621,16 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#211" class="md-nav__link">
2.1.1. &nbsp; 算法评价维度
2.1.1. &nbsp; 实际测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#212" class="md-nav__link">
2.1.2. &nbsp; 效率评估方法
2.1.2. &nbsp; 理论估算
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="2.1.2.   效率评估方法">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#_1" class="md-nav__link">
实际测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#_2" class="md-nav__link">
理论估算
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
@ -3403,36 +3383,16 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#211" class="md-nav__link">
2.1.1. &nbsp; 算法评价维度
2.1.1. &nbsp; 实际测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#212" class="md-nav__link">
2.1.2. &nbsp; 效率评估方法
2.1.2. &nbsp; 理论估算
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="2.1.2.   效率评估方法">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#_1" class="md-nav__link">
实际测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#_2" class="md-nav__link">
理论估算
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
@ -3466,7 +3426,6 @@
<h1 id="21">2.1. &nbsp; 算法效率评估<a class="headerlink" href="#21" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h2 id="211">2.1.1. &nbsp; 算法评价维度<a class="headerlink" href="#211" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>在算法设计中,我们先后追求以下两个层面的目标:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>找到问题解法</strong>:算法需要在规定的输入范围内,可靠地求得问题的正确解。</li>
@ -3478,12 +3437,12 @@
<li><strong>空间效率</strong>,即算法占用内存空间的大小。</li>
</ul>
<p>简而言之,<strong>我们的目标是设计“既快又省”的数据结构与算法</strong>。而有效地评估算法效率至关重要,因为只有了解评价标准,我们才能对比分析各种算法,从而指导算法设计与优化过程。</p>
<h2 id="212">2.1.2. &nbsp; 效率评估方法<a class="headerlink" href="#212" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="_1">实际测试<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>效率评估方法主要分为两种:实际测试和理论估算。</p>
<h2 id="211">2.1.1. &nbsp; 实际测试<a class="headerlink" href="#211" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>假设我们现在有算法 <code>A</code> 和算法 <code>B</code> ,它们都能解决同一问题,现在需要对比这两个算法的效率。最直接的方法是找一台计算机,运行这两个算法,并监控记录它们的运行时间和内存占用情况。这种评估方式能够反映真实情况,但也存在较大局限性。</p>
<p><strong>难以排除测试环境的干扰因素</strong>。硬件配置会影响算法的性能表现。比如在某台计算机中,算法 <code>A</code> 的运行时间比算法 <code>B</code> 短;但在另一台配置不同的计算机中,我们可能得到相反的测试结果。这意味着我们需要在各种机器上进行测试,统计平均效率,而这是不现实的。</p>
<p><strong>展开完整测试非常耗费资源</strong>。随着输入数据量的变化,算法会表现出不同的效率。例如,在输入数据量较小时,算法 <code>A</code> 的运行时间比算法 <code>B</code> 更少;而输入数据量较大时,测试结果可能恰恰相反。因此,为了得到有说服力的结论,我们需要测试各种规模的输入数据,而这样需要耗费大量的计算资源。</p>
<h3 id="_2">理论估算<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h2 id="212">2.1.2. &nbsp; 理论估算<a class="headerlink" href="#212" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>由于实际测试具有较大的局限性,我们可以考虑仅通过一些计算来评估算法的效率。这种估算方法被称为「渐近复杂度分析 Asymptotic Complexity Analysis」简称为「复杂度分析」。</p>
<p><strong>复杂度分析评估的是算法运行效率随着输入数据量增多时的增长趋势</strong>。这个定义有些拗口,我们可以将其分为三个重点来理解:</p>
<ul>

View File

@ -3350,7 +3350,7 @@
<li>分治算法是一种常见的算法设计策略,包括分(划分)和治(合并)两个阶段,通常基于递归实现。</li>
<li>判断是否是分治算法问题的依据包括:问题能否被分解、子问题是否独立、子问题是否可以被合并。</li>
<li>归并排序是分治策略的典型应用,其递归地将数组划分为等长的两个子数组,直到只剩一个元素时开始逐层合并,从而完成排序。</li>
<li>引入分治策略往往可以带来算法效率的提升。一方面,分治策略减少了计算操作数量;另一方面,分治后有利于系统的并行优化。</li>
<li>引入分治策略往往可以带来算法效率的提升。一方面,分治策略减少了计算操作数量;另一方面,分治后有利于系统的并行优化。</li>
<li>分治既可以解决许多算法问题,也广泛应用于数据结构与算法设计中,处处可见其身影。</li>
<li>相较于暴力搜索,自适应搜索效率更高。时间复杂度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(\log n)\)</span> 的搜索算法通常都是基于分治策略实现的。</li>
<li>二分查找是分治思想的另一个典型应用,它不包含将子问题的解进行合并的步骤。我们可以通过递归分治实现二分查找。</li>

View File

@ -3475,7 +3475,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 循环进行贪心选择,直到无剩余金额</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 找到小于且最接近剩余金额的硬币</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 选择 coins[i]</span>
@ -3496,7 +3496,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 循环进行贪心选择,直到无剩余金额</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 找到小于且最接近剩余金额的硬币</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12" href="#__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 选择 coins[i]</span>
@ -3517,7 +3517,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a> <span class="c1"># 循环进行贪心选择,直到无剩余金额</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">amt</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a> <span class="c1"># 找到小于且最接近剩余金额的硬币</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">amt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">amt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11" href="#__codelineno-2-11"></a> <span class="c1"># 选择 coins[i]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12" href="#__codelineno-2-12"></a> <span class="n">amt</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
@ -3535,7 +3535,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 循环进行贪心选择,直到无剩余金额</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8" href="#__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 找到小于且最接近剩余金额的硬币</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9" href="#__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9" href="#__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10" href="#__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="o">--</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11" href="#__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12" href="#__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 选择 coins[i]</span>
@ -3571,7 +3571,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 循环进行贪心选择,直到无剩余金额</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 找到小于且最接近剩余金额的硬币</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11" href="#__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12" href="#__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 选择 coins[i]</span>
@ -3604,7 +3604,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 循环进行贪心选择,直到无剩余金额</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 找到小于且最接近剩余金额的硬币</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">coins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">amt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10" href="#__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11" href="#__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-12" name="__codelineno-11-12" href="#__codelineno-11-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 选择 coins[i]</span>

View File

@ -3496,14 +3496,14 @@
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">heap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PriorityQueue</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 将数组的前 k 个元素入堆</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">heap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">heap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">offer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 从第 k+1 个元素开始,保持堆的长度为 k</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 若当前元素大于堆顶元素,则将堆顶元素出堆、当前元素入堆</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">heap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">peek</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">heap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">poll</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">heap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">heap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">offer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14" href="#__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15" href="#__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16" href="#__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">heap</span><span class="p">;</span>

View File

@ -3503,6 +3503,7 @@
<p align="center"> Fig. 二叉搜索树 </p>
<h2 id="741">7.4.1. &nbsp; 二叉搜索树的操作<a class="headerlink" href="#741" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>我们将二叉搜索树封装为一个类 <code>ArrayBinaryTree</code> ,并声明一个成员变量 <code>root</code> ,指向树的根节点。</p>
<h3 id="_1">查找节点<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>给定目标节点值 <code>num</code> ,可以根据二叉搜索树的性质来查找。我们声明一个节点 <code>cur</code> ,从二叉树的根节点 <code>root</code> 出发,循环比较节点值 <code>cur.val</code><code>num</code> 之间的大小关系</p>
<ul>

File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

View File

@ -2,507 +2,507 @@
<urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_appendix/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_appendix/contribution/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_appendix/installation/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_backtracking/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_backtracking/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_computational_complexity/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_computational_complexity/performance_evaluation/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_computational_complexity/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_data_structure/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_data_structure/basic_data_types/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_data_structure/character_encoding/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_data_structure/classification_of_data_structure/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_data_structure/number_encoding/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_data_structure/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_divide_and_conquer/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_divide_and_conquer/divide_and_conquer/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_divide_and_conquer/hanota_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_divide_and_conquer/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_dynamic_programming/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_problem_features/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_solution_pipeline/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_dynamic_programming/edit_distance_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_dynamic_programming/intro_to_dynamic_programming/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_dynamic_programming/knapsack_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_dynamic_programming/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_dynamic_programming/unbounded_knapsack_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_graph/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_graph/graph/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_graph/graph_operations/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_graph/graph_traversal/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_graph/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_greedy/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_greedy/fractional_knapsack_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_greedy/greedy_algorithm/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_greedy/max_capacity_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_greedy/max_product_cutting_problem/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_greedy/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_hashing/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_hashing/hash_collision/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_hashing/hash_map/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_hashing/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_heap/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_heap/build_heap/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_heap/heap/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_heap/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_heap/top_k/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_introduction/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_introduction/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_introduction/what_is_dsa/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_preface/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_preface/about_the_book/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_preface/suggestions/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_preface/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_reference/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_searching/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_searching/binary_search/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_searching/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/counting_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/heap_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/merge_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/quick_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/radix_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/selection_sort/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_sorting/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_stack_and_queue/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_tree/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_tree/avl_tree/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_tree/binary_tree/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_tree/summary/</loc>
<lastmod>2023-08-08</lastmod>
<lastmod>2023-08-10</lastmod>
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
</url>
</urlset>

Binary file not shown.