github/hello-algo
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

build

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
krahets 2023-04-09 05:12:22 +08:00
parent 01d05cc1f0
commit 37f11aff68
27 changed files with 265 additions and 248 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

12
chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.md
View File

@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
```python title="array.py" ```python title="array.py"
def random_access(nums: list[int]) -> int: def random_access(nums: list[int]) -> int:
""" 随机访问元素 """ """随机访问元素"""
# 在区间 [0, len(nums)-1] 中随机抽取一个数字 # 在区间 [0, len(nums)-1] 中随机抽取一个数字
random_index = random.randint(0, len(nums) - 1) random_index = random.randint(0, len(nums) - 1)
# 获取并返回随机元素 # 获取并返回随机元素
@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
```python title="array.py" ```python title="array.py"
def extend(nums: list[int], enlarge: int) -> list[int]: def extend(nums: list[int], enlarge: int) -> list[int]:
""" 扩展数组长度 """ """扩展数组长度"""
# 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组 # 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
res = [0] * (len(nums) + enlarge) res = [0] * (len(nums) + enlarge)
# 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组 # 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
```python title="array.py" ```python title="array.py"
def insert(nums: list[int], num: int, index: int) -> None: def insert(nums: list[int], num: int, index: int) -> None:
""" 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num """ """在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num"""
# 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位 # 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
for i in range(len(nums) - 1, index, -1): for i in range(len(nums) - 1, index, -1):
nums[i] = nums[i - 1] nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
```python title="array.py" ```python title="array.py"
def remove(nums: list[int], index: int) -> None: def remove(nums: list[int], index: int) -> None:
""" 删除索引 index 处元素 """ """删除索引 index 处元素"""
# 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位 # 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
for i in range(index, len(nums) - 1): for i in range(index, len(nums) - 1):
nums[i] = nums[i + 1] nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
```python title="array.py" ```python title="array.py"
def traverse(nums: list[int]) -> None: def traverse(nums: list[int]) -> None:
""" 遍历数组 """ """遍历数组"""
count = 0 count = 0
# 通过索引遍历数组 # 通过索引遍历数组
for i in range(len(nums)): for i in range(len(nums)):
@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
```python title="array.py" ```python title="array.py"
def find(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int: def find(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
""" 在数组中查找指定元素 """ """在数组中查找指定元素"""
for i in range(len(nums)): for i in range(len(nums)):
if nums[i] == target: if nums[i] == target:
return i return i

14
chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.md
View File

@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ comments: true
# 4.2.   链表 # 4.2.   链表
内存空间是所有程序的公共资源，排除已被占用的内存空间，空闲内存空间通常散落在内存各处。在上一节中，我们提到存储数组的内存空间必须是连续的，而当我们需要申请一个非常大的数组时，空闲内存中可能没有这么大的连续空间。 内存空间是所有程序的公共资源，排除已被占用的内存空间，空闲内存空间通常散落在内存各处。在上一节中，我们提到存储数组的内存空间必须是连续的，而当我们需要申请一个非常大的数组时，空闲内存中可能没有这么大的连续空间。与数组相比，链表更具灵活性，它可以被存储在非连续的内存空间中。
与数组相比，链表更具灵活性，因为它可以存储在非连续的内存空间。「链表 Linked List」是一种线性数据结构，其每个元素都是一个节点对象，各个节点之间通过指针连接，从当前节点通过指针可以访问到下一个节点。由于指针记录了下个节点的内存地址，因此无需保证内存地址的连续性，从而可以将各个节点分散存储在内存各处。 「链表 Linked List」是一种线性数据结构，其每个元素都是一个节点对象，各个节点之间通过指针连接，从当前节点通过指针可以访问到下一个节点。**由于指针记录了下个节点的内存地址，因此无需保证内存地址的连续性**，从而可以将各个节点分散存储在内存各处。
链表「节点 Node」包含两项数据，一是节点「值 Value」，二是指向下一节点的「指针 Pointer」，或称指向下一节点的「引用 Reference」。 链表「节点 Node」包含两项数据，一是节点「值 Value」，二是指向下一节点的「指针 Pointer」，或称「引用 Reference」。
![链表定义与存储方式](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png) ![链表定义与存储方式](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png)
@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="linked_list.py" ```python title="linked_list.py"
def insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode) -> None: def insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode) -> None:
""" 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P """ """在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P"""
n1 = n0.next n1 = n0.next
P.next = n1 P.next = n1
n0.next = P n0.next = P
@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="linked_list.py" ```python title="linked_list.py"
def remove(n0: ListNode) -> None: def remove(n0: ListNode) -> None:
""" 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 """ """删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点"""
if not n0.next: if not n0.next:
return return
# n0 -> P -> n1 # n0 -> P -> n1
@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="linked_list.py" ```python title="linked_list.py"
def access(head: ListNode, index: int) -> ListNode | None: def access(head: ListNode, index: int) -> ListNode | None:
""" 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 """ """访问链表中索引为 index 的节点"""
for _ in range(index): for _ in range(index):
if not head: if not head:
return None return None
@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="linked_list.py" ```python title="linked_list.py"
def find(head: ListNode, target: int) -> int: def find(head: ListNode, target: int) -> int:
""" 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 """ """在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点"""
index = 0 index = 0
while head: while head:
if head.val == target: if head.val == target:

25
chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.md
View File

@ -934,35 +934,36 @@ comments: true
```python title="my_list.py" ```python title="my_list.py"
class MyList: class MyList:
""" 列表类简易实现 """ """列表类简易实现"""
def __init__(self): def __init__(self):
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.__capacity: int = 10 # 列表容量 self.__capacity: int = 10 # 列表容量
self.__nums: my_list[int] = [0] * self.__capacity # 数组（存储列表元素） self.__nums: my_list[int] = [0] * self.__capacity # 数组（存储列表元素）
self.__size: int = 0 # 列表长度（即当前元素数量） self.__size: int = 0 # 列表长度（即当前元素数量）
self.__extend_ratio: int = 2 # 每次列表扩容的倍数 self.__extend_ratio: int = 2 # 每次列表扩容的倍数
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量） """ """获取列表长度（即当前元素数量）"""
return self.__size return self.__size
def capacity(self) -> int: def capacity(self) -> int:
""" 获取列表容量 """ """获取列表容量"""
return self.__capacity return self.__capacity
def get(self, index: int) -> int: def get(self, index: int) -> int:
""" 访问元素 """ """访问元素"""
# 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同 # 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同
assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界" assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界"
return self.__nums[index] return self.__nums[index]
def set(self, num: int, index: int) -> None: def set(self, num: int, index: int) -> None:
""" 更新元素 """ """更新元素"""
assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界" assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界"
self.__nums[index] = num self.__nums[index] = num
def add(self, num: int) -> None: def add(self, num: int) -> None:
""" 尾部添加元素 """ """尾部添加元素"""
# 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制 # 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
if self.size() == self.capacity(): if self.size() == self.capacity():
self.extend_capacity() self.extend_capacity()
@ -970,7 +971,7 @@ comments: true
self.__size += 1 self.__size += 1
def insert(self, num: int, index: int) -> None: def insert(self, num: int, index: int) -> None:
""" 中间插入元素 """ """中间插入元素"""
assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界" assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界"
# 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制 # 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
if self.__size == self.capacity(): if self.__size == self.capacity():
@ -983,7 +984,7 @@ comments: true
self.__size += 1 self.__size += 1
def remove(self, index: int) -> int: def remove(self, index: int) -> int:
""" 删除元素 """ """删除元素"""
assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界" assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界"
num = self.__nums[index] num = self.__nums[index]
# 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位 # 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
@ -995,15 +996,15 @@ comments: true
return num return num
def extend_capacity(self) -> None: def extend_capacity(self) -> None:
""" 列表扩容 """ """列表扩容"""
# 新建一个长度为 self.__size 的数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组 # 新建一个长度为 self.__size 的数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组
self.__nums = self.__nums + [0] * self.capacity() * (self.__extend_ratio - 1) self.__nums = self.__nums + [0] * self.capacity() * (self.__extend_ratio - 1)
# 更新列表容量 # 更新列表容量
self.__capacity = len(self.__nums) self.__capacity = len(self.__nums)
def to_array(self) -> list[int]: def to_array(self) -> list[int]:
""" 返回有效长度的列表 """ """返回有效长度的列表"""
return self.__nums[:self.__size] return self.__nums[: self.__size]
``` ```
=== "Go" === "Go"

21
chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.md
View File

@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ $$
```python title="space_complexity.py" ```python title="space_complexity.py"
def constant(n: int) -> None: def constant(n: int) -> None:
""" 常数阶 """ """常数阶"""
# 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间 # 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
a: int = 0 a: int = 0
nums: list[int] = [0] * 10000 nums: list[int] = [0] * 10000
@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ $$
```python title="space_complexity.py" ```python title="space_complexity.py"
def linear(n: int) -> None: def linear(n: int) -> None:
""" 线性阶 """ """线性阶"""
# 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间 # 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
nums: list[int] = [0] * n nums: list[int] = [0] * n
# 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间 # 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
@ -998,9 +998,10 @@ $$
```python title="space_complexity.py" ```python title="space_complexity.py"
def linear_recur(n: int) -> None: def linear_recur(n: int) -> None:
""" 线性阶（递归实现） """ """线性阶（递归实现）"""
print("递归 n =", n) print("递归 n =", n)
if n == 1: return if n == 1:
return
linear_recur(n - 1) linear_recur(n - 1)
``` ```
@ -1129,7 +1130,7 @@ $$
```python title="space_complexity.py" ```python title="space_complexity.py"
def quadratic(n: int) -> None: def quadratic(n: int) -> None:
""" 平方阶 """ """平方阶"""
# 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间 # 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
num_matrix: list[list[int]] = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)] num_matrix: list[list[int]] = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
``` ```
@ -1277,8 +1278,9 @@ $$
```python title="space_complexity.py" ```python title="space_complexity.py"
def quadratic_recur(n: int) -> int: def quadratic_recur(n: int) -> int:
""" 平方阶（递归实现） """ """平方阶（递归实现）"""
if n <= 0: return 0 if n <= 0:
return 0
# 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1 # 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
nums: list[int] = [0] * n nums: list[int] = [0] * n
return quadratic_recur(n - 1) return quadratic_recur(n - 1)
@ -1407,8 +1409,9 @@ $$
```python title="space_complexity.py" ```python title="space_complexity.py"
def build_tree(n: int) -> TreeNode | None: def build_tree(n: int) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 指数阶（建立满二叉树） """ """指数阶（建立满二叉树）"""
if n == 0: return None if n == 0:
return None
root = TreeNode(0) root = TreeNode(0)
root.left = build_tree(n - 1) root.left = build_tree(n - 1)
root.right = build_tree(n - 1) root.right = build_tree(n - 1)

4
chapter_computational_complexity/space_time_tradeoff.md
View File

@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py" ```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py"
def two_sum_brute_force(nums: list[int], target: int) -> list[int]: def two_sum_brute_force(nums: list[int], target: int) -> list[int]:
""" 方法一：暴力枚举 """ """方法一：暴力枚举"""
# 两层循环，时间复杂度 O(n^2) # 两层循环，时间复杂度 O(n^2)
for i in range(len(nums) - 1): for i in range(len(nums) - 1):
for j in range(i + 1, len(nums)): for j in range(i + 1, len(nums)):
@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py" ```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py"
def two_sum_hash_table(nums: list[int], target: int) -> list[int]: def two_sum_hash_table(nums: list[int], target: int) -> list[int]:
""" 方法二：辅助哈希表 """ """方法二：辅助哈希表"""
# 辅助哈希表，空间复杂度 O(n) # 辅助哈希表，空间复杂度 O(n)
dic = {} dic = {}
# 单层循环，时间复杂度 O(n) # 单层循环，时间复杂度 O(n)

41
chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.md
View File

@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def constant(n: int) -> int: def constant(n: int) -> int:
""" 常数阶 """ """常数阶"""
count: int = 0 count: int = 0
size: int = 100000 size: int = 100000
for _ in range(size): for _ in range(size):
@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def linear(n: int) -> int: def linear(n: int) -> int:
""" 线性阶 """ """线性阶"""
count: int = 0 count: int = 0
for _ in range(n): for _ in range(n):
count += 1 count += 1
@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def array_traversal(nums: list[int]) -> int: def array_traversal(nums: list[int]) -> int:
""" 线性阶（遍历数组）""" """线性阶（遍历数组）"""
count: int = 0 count: int = 0
# 循环次数与数组长度成正比 # 循环次数与数组长度成正比
for num in nums: for num in nums:
@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def quadratic(n: int) -> int: def quadratic(n: int) -> int:
""" 平方阶 """ """平方阶"""
count: int = 0 count: int = 0
# 循环次数与数组长度成平方关系 # 循环次数与数组长度成平方关系
for i in range(n): for i in range(n):
@ -1390,7 +1390,7 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def bubble_sort(nums: list[int]) -> int: def bubble_sort(nums: list[int]) -> int:
""" 平方阶（冒泡排序）""" """平方阶（冒泡排序）"""
count: int = 0 # 计数器 count: int = 0 # 计数器
# 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1 # 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
for i in range(len(nums) - 1, 0, -1): for i in range(len(nums) - 1, 0, -1):
@ -1603,7 +1603,7 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def exponential(n: int) -> int: def exponential(n: int) -> int:
""" 指数阶（循环实现）""" """指数阶（循环实现）"""
count: int = 0 count: int = 0
base: int = 1 base: int = 1
# cell 每轮一分为二，形成数列 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2^(n-1) # cell 每轮一分为二，形成数列 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2^(n-1)
@ -1768,8 +1768,9 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def exp_recur(n: int) -> int: def exp_recur(n: int) -> int:
""" 指数阶（递归实现）""" """指数阶（递归实现）"""
if n == 1: return 1 if n == 1:
return 1
return exp_recur(n - 1) + exp_recur(n - 1) + 1 return exp_recur(n - 1) + exp_recur(n - 1) + 1
``` ```
@ -1884,7 +1885,7 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def logarithmic(n: float) -> int: def logarithmic(n: float) -> int:
""" 对数阶（循环实现）""" """对数阶（循环实现）"""
count: int = 0 count: int = 0
while n > 1: while n > 1:
n = n / 2 n = n / 2
@ -2017,8 +2018,9 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def log_recur(n: float) -> int: def log_recur(n: float) -> int:
""" 对数阶（递归实现）""" """对数阶（递归实现）"""
if n <= 1: return 0 if n <= 1:
return 0
return log_recur(n / 2) + 1 return log_recur(n / 2) + 1
``` ```
@ -2133,10 +2135,10 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def linear_log_recur(n: float) -> int: def linear_log_recur(n: float) -> int:
""" 线性对数阶 """ """线性对数阶"""
if n <= 1: return 1 if n <= 1:
count: int = linear_log_recur(n // 2) + \ return 1
linear_log_recur(n // 2) count: int = linear_log_recur(n // 2) + linear_log_recur(n // 2)
for _ in range(n): for _ in range(n):
count += 1 count += 1
return count return count
@ -2290,8 +2292,9 @@ $$
```python title="time_complexity.py" ```python title="time_complexity.py"
def factorial_recur(n: int) -> int: def factorial_recur(n: int) -> int:
""" 阶乘阶（递归实现）""" """阶乘阶（递归实现）"""
if n == 0: return 1 if n == 0:
return 1
count: int = 0 count: int = 0
# 从 1 个分裂出 n 个 # 从 1 个分裂出 n 个
for _ in range(n): for _ in range(n):
@ -2480,7 +2483,7 @@ $$
```python title="worst_best_time_complexity.py" ```python title="worst_best_time_complexity.py"
def random_numbers(n: int) -> list[int]: def random_numbers(n: int) -> list[int]:
""" 生成一个数组，元素为: 1, 2, ..., n ，顺序被打乱 """ """生成一个数组，元素为: 1, 2, ..., n ，顺序被打乱"""
# 生成数组 nums =: 1, 2, 3, ..., n # 生成数组 nums =: 1, 2, 3, ..., n
nums: list[int] = [i for i in range(1, n + 1)] nums: list[int] = [i for i in range(1, n + 1)]
# 随机打乱数组元素 # 随机打乱数组元素
@ -2488,7 +2491,7 @@ $$
return nums return nums
def find_one(nums: list[int]) -> int: def find_one(nums: list[int]) -> int:
""" 查找数组 nums 中数字 1 所在索引 """ """查找数组 nums 中数字 1 所在索引"""
for i in range(len(nums)): for i in range(len(nums)):
# 当元素 1 在数组头部时，达到最佳时间复杂度 O(1) # 当元素 1 在数组头部时，达到最佳时间复杂度 O(1)
# 当元素 1 在数组尾部时，达到最差时间复杂度 O(n) # 当元素 1 在数组尾部时，达到最差时间复杂度 O(n)

34
chapter_graph/graph_operations.md
View File

@ -214,14 +214,15 @@ comments: true
```python title="graph_adjacency_matrix.py" ```python title="graph_adjacency_matrix.py"
class GraphAdjMat: class GraphAdjMat:
""" 基于邻接矩阵实现的无向图类 """ """基于邻接矩阵实现的无向图类"""
# 顶点列表，元素代表“顶点值”，索引代表“顶点索引” # 顶点列表，元素代表“顶点值”，索引代表“顶点索引”
vertices: list[int] = [] vertices: list[int] = []
# 邻接矩阵，行列索引对应“顶点索引” # 邻接矩阵，行列索引对应“顶点索引”
adj_mat: list[list[int]] = [] adj_mat: list[list[int]] = []
def __init__(self, vertices: list[int], edges: list[list[int]]) -> None: def __init__(self, vertices: list[int], edges: list[list[int]]) -> None:
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.vertices: list[int] = [] self.vertices: list[int] = []
self.adj_mat: list[list[int]] = [] self.adj_mat: list[list[int]] = []
# 添加顶点 # 添加顶点
@ -233,11 +234,11 @@ comments: true
self.add_edge(e[0], e[1]) self.add_edge(e[0], e[1])
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取顶点数量 """ """获取顶点数量"""
return len(self.vertices) return len(self.vertices)
def add_vertex(self, val: int) -> None: def add_vertex(self, val: int) -> None:
""" 添加顶点 """ """添加顶点"""
n = self.size() n = self.size()
# 向顶点列表中添加新顶点的值 # 向顶点列表中添加新顶点的值
self.vertices.append(val) self.vertices.append(val)
@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ comments: true
row.append(0) row.append(0)
def remove_vertex(self, index: int) -> None: def remove_vertex(self, index: int) -> None:
""" 删除顶点 """ """删除顶点"""
if index >= self.size(): if index >= self.size():
raise IndexError() raise IndexError()
# 在顶点列表中移除索引 index 的顶点 # 在顶点列表中移除索引 index 的顶点
@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ comments: true
row.pop(index) row.pop(index)
def add_edge(self, i: int, j: int) -> None: def add_edge(self, i: int, j: int) -> None:
""" 添加边 """ """添加边"""
# 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引 # 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引
# 索引越界与相等处理 # 索引越界与相等处理
if i < 0 or j < 0 or i >= self.size() or j >= self.size() or i == j: if i < 0 or j < 0 or i >= self.size() or j >= self.size() or i == j:
@ -271,7 +272,7 @@ comments: true
self.adj_mat[j][i] = 1 self.adj_mat[j][i] = 1
def remove_edge(self, i: int, j: int) -> None: def remove_edge(self, i: int, j: int) -> None:
""" 删除边 """ """删除边"""
# 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引 # 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引
# 索引越界与相等处理 # 索引越界与相等处理
if i < 0 or j < 0 or i >= self.size() or j >= self.size() or i == j: if i < 0 or j < 0 or i >= self.size() or j >= self.size() or i == j:
@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ comments: true
self.adj_mat[j][i] = 0 self.adj_mat[j][i] = 0
def print(self) -> None: def print(self) -> None:
""" 打印邻接矩阵 """ """打印邻接矩阵"""
print("顶点列表 =", self.vertices) print("顶点列表 =", self.vertices)
print("邻接矩阵 =") print("邻接矩阵 =")
print_matrix(self.adj_mat) print_matrix(self.adj_mat)
@ -966,9 +967,10 @@ comments: true
```python title="graph_adjacency_list.py" ```python title="graph_adjacency_list.py"
class GraphAdjList: class GraphAdjList:
""" 基于邻接表实现的无向图类 """ """基于邻接表实现的无向图类"""
def __init__(self, edges: list[list[Vertex]]) -> None: def __init__(self, edges: list[list[Vertex]]) -> None:
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
# 邻接表，key: 顶点，value：该顶点的所有邻接顶点 # 邻接表，key: 顶点，value：该顶点的所有邻接顶点
self.adj_list = dict[Vertex, Vertex]() self.adj_list = dict[Vertex, Vertex]()
# 添加所有顶点和边 # 添加所有顶点和边
@ -978,11 +980,11 @@ comments: true
self.add_edge(edge[0], edge[1]) self.add_edge(edge[0], edge[1])
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取顶点数量 """ """获取顶点数量"""
return len(self.adj_list) return len(self.adj_list)
def add_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex) -> None: def add_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex) -> None:
""" 添加边 """ """添加边"""
if vet1 not in self.adj_list or vet2 not in self.adj_list or vet1 == vet2: if vet1 not in self.adj_list or vet2 not in self.adj_list or vet1 == vet2:
raise ValueError raise ValueError
# 添加边 vet1 - vet2 # 添加边 vet1 - vet2
@ -990,7 +992,7 @@ comments: true
self.adj_list[vet2].append(vet1) self.adj_list[vet2].append(vet1)
def remove_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex) -> None: def remove_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex) -> None:
""" 删除边 """ """删除边"""
if vet1 not in self.adj_list or vet2 not in self.adj_list or vet1 == vet2: if vet1 not in self.adj_list or vet2 not in self.adj_list or vet1 == vet2:
raise ValueError raise ValueError
# 删除边 vet1 - vet2 # 删除边 vet1 - vet2
@ -998,14 +1000,14 @@ comments: true
self.adj_list[vet2].remove(vet1) self.adj_list[vet2].remove(vet1)
def add_vertex(self, vet: Vertex) -> None: def add_vertex(self, vet: Vertex) -> None:
""" 添加顶点 """ """添加顶点"""
if vet in self.adj_list: if vet in self.adj_list:
return return
# 在邻接表中添加一个新链表 # 在邻接表中添加一个新链表
self.adj_list[vet] = [] self.adj_list[vet] = []
def remove_vertex(self, vet: Vertex) -> None: def remove_vertex(self, vet: Vertex) -> None:
""" 删除顶点 """ """删除顶点"""
if vet not in self.adj_list: if vet not in self.adj_list:
raise ValueError raise ValueError
# 在邻接表中删除顶点 vet 对应的链表 # 在邻接表中删除顶点 vet 对应的链表
@ -1016,7 +1018,7 @@ comments: true
self.adj_list[vertex].remove(vet) self.adj_list[vertex].remove(vet)
def print(self) -> None: def print(self) -> None:
""" 打印邻接表 """ """打印邻接表"""
print("邻接表 =") print("邻接表 =")
for vertex in self.adj_list: for vertex in self.adj_list:
tmp = [v.val for v in self.adj_list[vertex]] tmp = [v.val for v in self.adj_list[vertex]]

6
chapter_graph/graph_traversal.md
View File

@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ BFS 通常借助「队列」来实现。队列具有“先入先出”的性质
```python title="graph_bfs.py" ```python title="graph_bfs.py"
def graph_bfs(graph: GraphAdjList, start_vet: Vertex) -> list[Vertex]: def graph_bfs(graph: GraphAdjList, start_vet: Vertex) -> list[Vertex]:
""" 广度优先遍历 BFS """ """广度优先遍历 BFS"""
# 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点 # 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点
# 顶点遍历序列 # 顶点遍历序列
res = [] res = []
@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ BFS 通常借助「队列」来实现。队列具有“先入先出”的性质
```python title="graph_dfs.py" ```python title="graph_dfs.py"
def dfs(graph: GraphAdjList, visited: set[Vertex], res: list[Vertex], vet: Vertex): def dfs(graph: GraphAdjList, visited: set[Vertex], res: list[Vertex], vet: Vertex):
""" 深度优先遍历 DFS 辅助函数 """ """深度优先遍历 DFS 辅助函数"""
res.append(vet) # 记录访问顶点 res.append(vet) # 记录访问顶点
visited.add(vet) # 标记该顶点已被访问 visited.add(vet) # 标记该顶点已被访问
# 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点 # 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点
@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ BFS 通常借助「队列」来实现。队列具有“先入先出”的性质
dfs(graph, visited, res, adjVet) dfs(graph, visited, res, adjVet)
def graph_dfs(graph: GraphAdjList, start_vet: Vertex) -> list[Vertex]: def graph_dfs(graph: GraphAdjList, start_vet: Vertex) -> list[Vertex]:
""" 深度优先遍历 DFS """ """深度优先遍历 DFS"""
# 顶点遍历序列 # 顶点遍历序列
res = [] res = []
# 哈希表，用于记录已被访问过的顶点 # 哈希表，用于记录已被访问过的顶点

24
chapter_hashing/hash_map.md
View File

@ -607,25 +607,27 @@ $$
```python title="array_hash_map.py" ```python title="array_hash_map.py"
class Entry: class Entry:
""" 键值对 int->String """ """键值对 int->String"""
def __init__(self, key: int, val: str): def __init__(self, key: int, val: str):
self.key = key self.key = key
self.val = val self.val = val
class ArrayHashMap: class ArrayHashMap:
""" 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 """ """基于数组简易实现的哈希表"""
def __init__(self): def __init__(self):
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
# 初始化数组，包含 100 个桶 # 初始化数组，包含 100 个桶
self.buckets: list[Entry | None] = [None] * 100 self.buckets: list[Entry | None] = [None] * 100
def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int: def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
""" 哈希函数 """ """哈希函数"""
index: int = key % 100 index: int = key % 100
return index return index
def get(self, key: int) -> str: def get(self, key: int) -> str:
""" 查询操作 """ """查询操作"""
index: int = self.hash_func(key) index: int = self.hash_func(key)
pair: Entry = self.buckets[index] pair: Entry = self.buckets[index]
if pair is None: if pair is None:
@ -633,19 +635,19 @@ $$
return pair.val return pair.val
def put(self, key: int, val: str) -> None: def put(self, key: int, val: str) -> None:
""" 添加操作 """ """添加操作"""
pair = Entry(key, val) pair = Entry(key, val)
index: int = self.hash_func(key) index: int = self.hash_func(key)
self.buckets[index] = pair self.buckets[index] = pair
def remove(self, key: int) -> None: def remove(self, key: int) -> None:
""" 删除操作 """ """删除操作"""
index: int = self.hash_func(key) index: int = self.hash_func(key)
# 置为 None ，代表删除 # 置为 None ，代表删除
self.buckets[index] = None self.buckets[index] = None
def entry_set(self) -> list[Entry]: def entry_set(self) -> list[Entry]:
""" 获取所有键值对 """ """获取所有键值对"""
result: list[Entry] = [] result: list[Entry] = []
for pair in self.buckets: for pair in self.buckets:
if pair is not None: if pair is not None:
@ -653,7 +655,7 @@ $$
return result return result
def key_set(self) -> list[int]: def key_set(self) -> list[int]:
""" 获取所有键 """ """获取所有键"""
result: list[int] = [] result: list[int] = []
for pair in self.buckets: for pair in self.buckets:
if pair is not None: if pair is not None:
@ -661,7 +663,7 @@ $$
return result return result
def value_set(self) -> list[str]: def value_set(self) -> list[str]:
""" 获取所有值 """ """获取所有值"""
result: list[str] = [] result: list[str] = []
for pair in self.buckets: for pair in self.buckets:
if pair is not None: if pair is not None:
@ -669,7 +671,7 @@ $$
return result return result
def print(self) -> None: def print(self) -> None:
""" 打印哈希表 """ """打印哈希表"""
for pair in self.buckets: for pair in self.buckets:
if pair is not None: if pair is not None:
print(pair.key, "->", pair.val) print(pair.key, "->", pair.val)

2
chapter_heap/build_heap.md
View File

@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="my_heap.py" ```python title="my_heap.py"
def __init__(self, nums: list[int]): def __init__(self, nums: list[int]):
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
# 将列表元素原封不动添加进堆 # 将列表元素原封不动添加进堆
self.max_heap = nums self.max_heap = nums
# 堆化除叶节点以外的其他所有节点 # 堆化除叶节点以外的其他所有节点

16
chapter_heap/heap.md
View File

@ -366,15 +366,15 @@ comments: true
```python title="my_heap.py" ```python title="my_heap.py"
def left(self, i: int) -> int: def left(self, i: int) -> int:
""" 获取左子节点索引 """ """获取左子节点索引"""
return 2 * i + 1 return 2 * i + 1
def right(self, i: int) -> int: def right(self, i: int) -> int:
""" 获取右子节点索引 """ """获取右子节点索引"""
return 2 * i + 2 return 2 * i + 2
def parent(self, i: int) -> int: def parent(self, i: int) -> int:
""" 获取父节点索引 """ """获取父节点索引"""
return (i - 1) // 2 # 向下整除 return (i - 1) // 2 # 向下整除
``` ```
@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="my_heap.py" ```python title="my_heap.py"
def peek(self) -> int: def peek(self) -> int:
""" 访问堆顶元素 """ """访问堆顶元素"""
return self.max_heap[0] return self.max_heap[0]
``` ```
@ -682,14 +682,14 @@ comments: true
```python title="my_heap.py" ```python title="my_heap.py"
def push(self, val: int): def push(self, val: int):
""" 元素入堆 """ """元素入堆"""
# 添加节点 # 添加节点
self.max_heap.append(val) self.max_heap.append(val)
# 从底至顶堆化 # 从底至顶堆化
self.sift_up(self.size() - 1) self.sift_up(self.size() - 1)
def sift_up(self, i: int): def sift_up(self, i: int):
""" 从节点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 """ """从节点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化"""
while True: while True:
# 获取节点 i 的父节点 # 获取节点 i 的父节点
p = self.parent(i) p = self.parent(i)
@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="my_heap.py" ```python title="my_heap.py"
def pop(self) -> int: def pop(self) -> int:
""" 元素出堆 """ """元素出堆"""
# 判空处理 # 判空处理
assert not self.is_empty() assert not self.is_empty()
# 交换根节点与最右叶节点（即交换首元素与尾元素） # 交换根节点与最右叶节点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ comments: true
return val return val
def sift_down(self, i: int): def sift_down(self, i: int):
""" 从节点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 """ """从节点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化"""
while True: while True:
# 判断节点 i, l, r 中值最大的节点，记为 ma # 判断节点 i, l, r 中值最大的节点，记为 ma
l, r, ma = self.left(i), self.right(i), i l, r, ma = self.left(i), self.right(i), i

4
chapter_searching/binary_search.md
View File

@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ $$
```python title="binary_search.py" ```python title="binary_search.py"
def binary_search(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int: def binary_search(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
""" 二分查找（双闭区间） """ """二分查找（双闭区间）"""
# 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ，即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素 # 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ，即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
i, j = 0, len(nums) - 1 i, j = 0, len(nums) - 1
while i <= j: while i <= j:
@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ $$
```python title="binary_search.py" ```python title="binary_search.py"
def binary_search1(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int: def binary_search1(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
""" 二分查找（左闭右开） """ """二分查找（左闭右开）"""
# 初始化左闭右开 [0, n) ，即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1 # 初始化左闭右开 [0, n) ，即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
i, j = 0, len(nums) i, j = 0, len(nums)
# 循环，当搜索区间为空时跳出（当 i = j 时为空） # 循环，当搜索区间为空时跳出（当 i = j 时为空）

9
chapter_searching/hashing_search.md
View File

@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="hashing_search.py" ```python title="hashing_search.py"
def hashing_search_array(mapp: dict[int, int], target: int) -> int: def hashing_search_array(mapp: dict[int, int], target: int) -> int:
""" 哈希查找（数组） """ """哈希查找（数组）"""
# 哈希表的 key: 目标元素，value: 索引 # 哈希表的 key: 目标元素，value: 索引
# 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 -1 # 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 -1
return mapp.get(target, -1) return mapp.get(target, -1)
@ -163,11 +163,8 @@ comments: true
=== "Python" === "Python"
```python title="hashing_search.py" ```python title="hashing_search.py"
def hashing_search_linkedlist(mapp: dict[int, ListNode], target: int) -> ListNode | None: def hashing_search_linkedlist(
""" 哈希查找（链表） """ mapp: dict[int, ListNode], target: int
# 哈希表的 key: 目标元素，value: 节点对象
# 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 None
return mapp.get(target, None)
``` ```
=== "Go" === "Go"

4
chapter_searching/linear_search.md
View File

@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="linear_search.py" ```python title="linear_search.py"
def linear_search_array(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int: def linear_search_array(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
""" 线性查找（数组） """ """线性查找（数组）"""
# 遍历数组 # 遍历数组
for i in range(len(nums)): for i in range(len(nums)):
if nums[i] == target: # 找到目标元素，返回其索引 if nums[i] == target: # 找到目标元素，返回其索引
@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="linear_search.py" ```python title="linear_search.py"
def linear_search_linkedlist(head: ListNode, target: int) -> ListNode | None: def linear_search_linkedlist(head: ListNode, target: int) -> ListNode | None:
""" 线性查找（链表） """ """线性查找（链表）"""
# 遍历链表 # 遍历链表
while head: while head:
if head.val == target: # 找到目标节点，返回之 if head.val == target: # 找到目标节点，返回之

4
chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.md
View File

@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="bubble_sort.py" ```python title="bubble_sort.py"
def bubble_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None: def bubble_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
""" 冒泡排序 """ """冒泡排序"""
n: int = len(nums) n: int = len(nums)
# 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1 # 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1): for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):
@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="bubble_sort.py" ```python title="bubble_sort.py"
def bubble_sort_with_flag(nums: list[int]) -> None: def bubble_sort_with_flag(nums: list[int]) -> None:
""" 冒泡排序（标志优化） """ """冒泡排序（标志优化）"""
n: int = len(nums) n: int = len(nums)
# 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1 # 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1): for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):

1
chapter_sorting/bucket_sort.md
View File

@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="bucket_sort.py" ```python title="bucket_sort.py"
def bucket_sort(nums: list[float]) -> None: def bucket_sort(nums: list[float]) -> None:
"""桶排序"""
# 初始化 k = n/2 个桶，预期向每个桶分配 2 个元素 # 初始化 k = n/2 个桶，预期向每个桶分配 2 个元素
k = len(nums) // 2 k = len(nums) // 2
buckets = [[] for _ in range(k)] buckets = [[] for _ in range(k)]

4
chapter_sorting/counting_sort.md
View File

@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="counting_sort.py" ```python title="counting_sort.py"
def counting_sort_naive(nums: list[int]) -> None: def counting_sort_naive(nums: list[int]) -> None:
""" 计数排序 """ """计数排序"""
# 简单实现，无法用于排序对象 # 简单实现，无法用于排序对象
# 1. 统计数组最大元素 m # 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
m = 0 m = 0
@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ $$
```python title="counting_sort.py" ```python title="counting_sort.py"
def counting_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None: def counting_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
""" 计数排序 """ """计数排序"""
# 完整实现，可排序对象，并且是稳定排序 # 完整实现，可排序对象，并且是稳定排序
# 1. 统计数组最大元素 m # 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
m = max(nums) m = max(nums)

2
chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.md
View File

@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="insertion_sort.py" ```python title="insertion_sort.py"
def insertion_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None: def insertion_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
""" 插入排序 """ """插入排序"""
# 外循环：base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1] # 外循环：base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]
for i in range(1, len(nums)): for i in range(1, len(nums)):
base: int = nums[i] base: int = nums[i]

6
chapter_sorting/merge_sort.md
View File

@ -147,11 +147,11 @@ comments: true
```python title="merge_sort.py" ```python title="merge_sort.py"
def merge(nums: list[int], left: int, mid: int, right: int) -> None: def merge(nums: list[int], left: int, mid: int, right: int) -> None:
""" 合并左子数组和右子数组 """ """合并左子数组和右子数组"""
# 左子数组区间 [left, mid] # 左子数组区间 [left, mid]
# 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right] # 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right]
# 初始化辅助数组 # 初始化辅助数组
tmp: list[int] = list(nums[left:right + 1]) tmp: list[int] = list(nums[left : right + 1])
# 左子数组的起始索引和结束索引 # 左子数组的起始索引和结束索引
left_start: int = 0 left_start: int = 0
left_end: int = mid - left left_end: int = mid - left
@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ comments: true
j += 1 j += 1
def merge_sort(nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None: def merge_sort(nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None:
""" 归并排序 """ """归并排序"""
# 终止条件 # 终止条件
if left >= right: if left >= right:
return # 当子数组长度为 1 时终止递归 return # 当子数组长度为 1 时终止递归

10
chapter_sorting/quick_sort.md
View File

@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="quick_sort.py" ```python title="quick_sort.py"
def partition(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> int: def partition(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> int:
""" 哨兵划分 """ """哨兵划分"""
# 以 nums[left] 作为基准数 # 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
i, j = left, right i, j = left, right
while i < j: while i < j:
@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="quick_sort.py" ```python title="quick_sort.py"
def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None: def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None:
""" 快速排序 """ """快速排序"""
# 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归 # 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
if left >= right: if left >= right:
return return
@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="quick_sort.py" ```python title="quick_sort.py"
def median_three(self, nums: list[int], left: int, mid: int, right: int) -> int: def median_three(self, nums: list[int], left: int, mid: int, right: int) -> int:
""" 选取三个元素的中位数 """ """选取三个元素的中位数"""
# 此处使用异或运算来简化代码 # 此处使用异或运算来简化代码
# 异或规则为 0 ^ 0 = 1 ^ 1 = 0, 0 ^ 1 = 1 ^ 0 = 1 # 异或规则为 0 ^ 0 = 1 ^ 1 = 0, 0 ^ 1 = 1 ^ 0 = 1
if (nums[left] < nums[mid]) ^ (nums[left] < nums[right]): if (nums[left] < nums[mid]) ^ (nums[left] < nums[right]):
@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ comments: true
return right return right
def partition(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> int: def partition(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> int:
""" 哨兵划分（三数取中值） """ """哨兵划分（三数取中值）"""
# 以 nums[left] 作为基准数 # 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
med: int = self.median_three(nums, left, (left + right) // 2, right) med: int = self.median_three(nums, left, (left + right) // 2, right)
# 将中位数交换至数组最左端 # 将中位数交换至数组最左端
@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="quick_sort.py" ```python title="quick_sort.py"
def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None: def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None:
""" 快速排序（尾递归优化） """ """快速排序（尾递归优化）"""
# 子数组长度为 1 时终止 # 子数组长度为 1 时终止
while left < right: while left < right:
# 哨兵划分操作 # 哨兵划分操作

6
chapter_sorting/radix_sort.md
View File

@ -136,12 +136,12 @@ $$
```python title="radix_sort.py" ```python title="radix_sort.py"
def digit(num: int, exp: int) -> int: def digit(num: int, exp: int) -> int:
""" 获取元素 num 的第 k 位，其中 exp = 10^(k-1) """ """获取元素 num 的第 k 位，其中 exp = 10^(k-1)"""
# 传入 exp 而非 k 可以避免在此重复执行昂贵的次方计算 # 传入 exp 而非 k 可以避免在此重复执行昂贵的次方计算
return (num // exp) % 10 return (num // exp) % 10
def counting_sort_digit(nums: list[int], exp: int) -> None: def counting_sort_digit(nums: list[int], exp: int) -> None:
""" 计数排序（根据 nums 第 k 位排序） """ """计数排序（根据 nums 第 k 位排序）"""
# 十进制的位范围为 0~9 ，因此需要长度为 10 的桶 # 十进制的位范围为 0~9 ，因此需要长度为 10 的桶
counter = [0] * 10 counter = [0] * 10
n = len(nums) n = len(nums)
@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ $$
nums[i] = res[i] nums[i] = res[i]
def radix_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None: def radix_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
""" 基数排序 """ """基数排序"""
# 获取数组的最大元素，用于判断最大位数 # 获取数组的最大元素，用于判断最大位数
m = max(nums) m = max(nums)
# 按照从低位到高位的顺序遍历 # 按照从低位到高位的顺序遍历

59
chapter_stack_and_queue/deque.md
View File

@ -591,31 +591,33 @@ comments: true
```python title="linkedlist_deque.py" ```python title="linkedlist_deque.py"
class ListNode: class ListNode:
""" 双向链表节点 """ """双向链表节点"""
def __init__(self, val: int) -> None: def __init__(self, val: int) -> None:
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.val: int = val self.val: int = val
self.next: ListNode | None = None # 后继节点引用（指针） self.next: ListNode | None = None # 后继节点引用（指针）
self.prev: ListNode | None = None # 前驱节点引用（指针） self.prev: ListNode | None = None # 前驱节点引用（指针）
class LinkedListDeque: class LinkedListDeque:
""" 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 """ """基于双向链表实现的双向队列"""
def __init__(self) -> None: def __init__(self) -> None:
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.front: ListNode | None = None # 头节点 front self.front: ListNode | None = None # 头节点 front
self.rear: ListNode | None = None # 尾节点 rear self.rear: ListNode | None = None # 尾节点 rear
self.__size: int = 0 # 双向队列的长度 self.__size: int = 0 # 双向队列的长度
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取双向队列的长度 """ """获取双向队列的长度"""
return self.__size return self.__size
def is_empty(self) -> bool: def is_empty(self) -> bool:
""" 判断双向队列是否为空 """ """判断双向队列是否为空"""
return self.size() == 0 return self.size() == 0
def push(self, num: int, is_front: bool) -> None: def push(self, num: int, is_front: bool) -> None:
""" 入队操作 """ """入队操作"""
node = ListNode(num) node = ListNode(num)
# 若链表为空，则令 front, rear 都指向 node # 若链表为空，则令 front, rear 都指向 node
if self.is_empty(): if self.is_empty():
@ -635,15 +637,15 @@ comments: true
self.__size += 1 # 更新队列长度 self.__size += 1 # 更新队列长度
def push_first(self, num: int) -> None: def push_first(self, num: int) -> None:
""" 队首入队 """ """队首入队"""
self.push(num, True) self.push(num, True)
def push_last(self, num: int) -> None: def push_last(self, num: int) -> None:
""" 队尾入队 """ """队尾入队"""
self.push(num, False) self.push(num, False)
def pop(self, is_front: bool) -> int: def pop(self, is_front: bool) -> int:
""" 出队操作 """ """出队操作"""
# 若队列为空，直接返回 None # 若队列为空，直接返回 None
if self.is_empty(): if self.is_empty():
return None return None
@ -669,23 +671,23 @@ comments: true
return val return val
def pop_first(self) -> int: def pop_first(self) -> int:
""" 队首出队 """ """队首出队"""
return self.pop(True) return self.pop(True)
def pop_last(self) -> int: def pop_last(self) -> int:
""" 队尾出队 """ """队尾出队"""
return self.pop(False) return self.pop(False)
def peek_first(self) -> int: def peek_first(self) -> int:
""" 访问队首元素 """ """访问队首元素"""
return None if self.is_empty() else self.front.val return None if self.is_empty() else self.front.val
def peek_last(self) -> int: def peek_last(self) -> int:
""" 访问队尾元素 """ """访问队尾元素"""
return None if self.is_empty() else self.rear.val return None if self.is_empty() else self.rear.val
def to_array(self) -> list[int]: def to_array(self) -> list[int]:
""" 返回数组用于打印 """ """返回数组用于打印"""
node: ListNode | None = self.front node: ListNode | None = self.front
res: list[int] = [0] * self.size() res: list[int] = [0] * self.size()
for i in range(self.size()): for i in range(self.size()):
@ -1583,34 +1585,35 @@ comments: true
```python title="array_deque.py" ```python title="array_deque.py"
class ArrayDeque: class ArrayDeque:
""" 基于环形数组实现的双向队列 """ """基于环形数组实现的双向队列"""
def __init__(self, capacity: int) -> None: def __init__(self, capacity: int) -> None:
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.__nums: list[int] = [0] * capacity self.__nums: list[int] = [0] * capacity
self.__front: int = 0 self.__front: int = 0
self.__size: int = 0 self.__size: int = 0
def capacity(self) -> int: def capacity(self) -> int:
""" 获取双向队列的容量 """ """获取双向队列的容量"""
return len(self.__nums) return len(self.__nums)
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取双向队列的长度 """ """获取双向队列的长度"""
return self.__size return self.__size
def is_empty(self) -> bool: def is_empty(self) -> bool:
""" 判断双向队列是否为空 """ """判断双向队列是否为空"""
return self.__size == 0 return self.__size == 0
def index(self, i: int) -> int: def index(self, i: int) -> int:
""" 计算环形数组索引 """ """计算环形数组索引"""
# 通过取余操作实现数组首尾相连 # 通过取余操作实现数组首尾相连
# 当 i 越过数组尾部后，回到头部 # 当 i 越过数组尾部后，回到头部
# 当 i 越过数组头部后，回到尾部 # 当 i 越过数组头部后，回到尾部
return (i + self.capacity()) % self.capacity() return (i + self.capacity()) % self.capacity()
def push_first(self, num: int) -> None: def push_first(self, num: int) -> None:
""" 队首入队 """ """队首入队"""
if self.__size == self.capacity(): if self.__size == self.capacity():
print("双向队列已满") print("双向队列已满")
return return
@ -1622,7 +1625,7 @@ comments: true
self.__size += 1 self.__size += 1
def push_last(self, num: int) -> None: def push_last(self, num: int) -> None:
""" 队尾入队 """ """队尾入队"""
if self.__size == self.capacity(): if self.__size == self.capacity():
print("双向队列已满") print("双向队列已满")
return return
@ -1633,7 +1636,7 @@ comments: true
self.__size += 1 self.__size += 1
def pop_first(self) -> int: def pop_first(self) -> int:
""" 队首出队 """ """队首出队"""
num = self.peek_first() num = self.peek_first()
# 队首指针向后移动一位 # 队首指针向后移动一位
self.__front = self.index(self.__front + 1) self.__front = self.index(self.__front + 1)
@ -1641,25 +1644,25 @@ comments: true
return num return num
def pop_last(self) -> int: def pop_last(self) -> int:
""" 队尾出队 """ """队尾出队"""
num = self.peek_last() num = self.peek_last()
self.__size -= 1 self.__size -= 1
return num return num
def peek_first(self) -> int: def peek_first(self) -> int:
""" 访问队首元素 """ """访问队首元素"""
assert not self.is_empty(), "双向队列为空" assert not self.is_empty(), "双向队列为空"
return self.__nums[self.__front] return self.__nums[self.__front]
def peek_last(self) -> int: def peek_last(self) -> int:
""" 访问队尾元素 """ """访问队尾元素"""
assert not self.is_empty(), "双向队列为空" assert not self.is_empty(), "双向队列为空"
# 计算尾元素索引 # 计算尾元素索引
last = self.index(self.__front + self.__size - 1) last = self.index(self.__front + self.__size - 1)
return self.__nums[last] return self.__nums[last]
def to_array(self) -> list[int]: def to_array(self) -> list[int]:
""" 返回数组用于打印 """ """返回数组用于打印"""
# 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素 # 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
res = [] res = []
for i in range(self.__size): for i in range(self.__size):

36
chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.md
View File

@ -428,23 +428,24 @@ comments: true
```python title="linkedlist_queue.py" ```python title="linkedlist_queue.py"
class LinkedListQueue: class LinkedListQueue:
""" 基于链表实现的队列 """ """基于链表实现的队列"""
def __init__(self): def __init__(self):
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.__front: ListNode | None = None # 头节点 front self.__front: ListNode | None = None # 头节点 front
self.__rear: ListNode | None = None # 尾节点 rear self.__rear: ListNode | None = None # 尾节点 rear
self.__size: int = 0 self.__size: int = 0
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取队列的长度 """ """获取队列的长度"""
return self.__size return self.__size
def is_empty(self) -> bool: def is_empty(self) -> bool:
""" 判断队列是否为空 """ """判断队列是否为空"""
return not self.__front return not self.__front
def push(self, num: int) -> None: def push(self, num: int) -> None:
""" 入队 """ """入队"""
# 尾节点后添加 num # 尾节点后添加 num
node = ListNode(num) node = ListNode(num)
# 如果队列为空，则令头、尾节点都指向该节点 # 如果队列为空，则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
@ -458,7 +459,7 @@ comments: true
self.__size += 1 self.__size += 1
def pop(self) -> int: def pop(self) -> int:
""" 出队 """ """出队"""
num = self.peek() num = self.peek()
# 删除头节点 # 删除头节点
self.__front = self.__front.next self.__front = self.__front.next
@ -466,14 +467,14 @@ comments: true
return num return num
def peek(self) -> int: def peek(self) -> int:
""" 访问队首元素 """ """访问队首元素"""
if self.size() == 0: if self.size() == 0:
print("队列为空") print("队列为空")
return False return False
return self.__front.val return self.__front.val
def to_list(self) -> list[int]: def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
""" 转化为列表用于打印 """ """转化为列表用于打印"""
queue = [] queue = []
temp = self.__front temp = self.__front
while temp: while temp:
@ -1103,27 +1104,28 @@ comments: true
```python title="array_queue.py" ```python title="array_queue.py"
class ArrayQueue: class ArrayQueue:
""" 基于环形数组实现的队列 """ """基于环形数组实现的队列"""
def __init__(self, size: int) -> None: def __init__(self, size: int) -> None:
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.__nums: list[int] = [0] * size # 用于存储队列元素的数组 self.__nums: list[int] = [0] * size # 用于存储队列元素的数组
self.__front: int = 0 # 队首指针，指向队首元素 self.__front: int = 0 # 队首指针，指向队首元素
self.__size: int = 0 # 队列长度 self.__size: int = 0 # 队列长度
def capacity(self) -> int: def capacity(self) -> int:
""" 获取队列的容量 """ """获取队列的容量"""
return len(self.__nums) return len(self.__nums)
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取队列的长度 """ """获取队列的长度"""
return self.__size return self.__size
def is_empty(self) -> bool: def is_empty(self) -> bool:
""" 判断队列是否为空 """ """判断队列是否为空"""
return self.__size == 0 return self.__size == 0
def push(self, num: int) -> None: def push(self, num: int) -> None:
""" 入队 """ """入队"""
assert self.__size < self.capacity(), "队列已满" assert self.__size < self.capacity(), "队列已满"
# 计算尾指针，指向队尾索引 + 1 # 计算尾指针，指向队尾索引 + 1
# 通过取余操作，实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部 # 通过取余操作，实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
@ -1133,7 +1135,7 @@ comments: true
self.__size += 1 self.__size += 1
def pop(self) -> int: def pop(self) -> int:
""" 出队 """ """出队"""
num: int = self.peek() num: int = self.peek()
# 队首指针向后移动一位，若越过尾部则返回到数组头部 # 队首指针向后移动一位，若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
self.__front = (self.__front + 1) % self.capacity() self.__front = (self.__front + 1) % self.capacity()
@ -1141,12 +1143,12 @@ comments: true
return num return num
def peek(self) -> int: def peek(self) -> int:
""" 访问队首元素 """ """访问队首元素"""
assert not self.is_empty(), "队列为空" assert not self.is_empty(), "队列为空"
return self.__nums[self.__front] return self.__nums[self.__front]
def to_list(self) -> list[int]: def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
""" 返回列表用于打印 """ """返回列表用于打印"""
res: list[int] = [0] * self.size() res: list[int] = [0] * self.size()
j: int = self.__front j: int = self.__front
for i in range(self.size()): for i in range(self.size()):

37
chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.md
View File

@ -409,42 +409,44 @@ comments: true
```python title="linkedlist_stack.py" ```python title="linkedlist_stack.py"
class LinkedListStack: class LinkedListStack:
""" 基于链表实现的栈 """ """基于链表实现的栈"""
def __init__(self): def __init__(self):
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.__peek: ListNode | None = None self.__peek: ListNode | None = None
self.__size: int = 0 self.__size: int = 0
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取栈的长度 """ """获取栈的长度"""
return self.__size return self.__size
def is_empty(self) -> bool: def is_empty(self) -> bool:
""" 判断栈是否为空 """ """判断栈是否为空"""
return not self.__peek return not self.__peek
def push(self, val: int) -> None: def push(self, val: int) -> None:
""" 入栈 """ """入栈"""
node = ListNode(val) node = ListNode(val)
node.next = self.__peek node.next = self.__peek
self.__peek = node self.__peek = node
self.__size += 1 self.__size += 1
def pop(self) -> int: def pop(self) -> int:
""" 出栈 """ """出栈"""
num: int = self.peek() num: int = self.peek()
self.__peek = self.__peek.next self.__peek = self.__peek.next
self.__size -= 1 self.__size -= 1
return num return num
def peek(self) -> int: def peek(self) -> int:
""" 访问栈顶元素 """ """访问栈顶元素"""
# 判空处理 # 判空处理
if not self.__peek: return None if not self.__peek:
return None
return self.__peek.val return self.__peek.val
def to_list(self) -> list[int]: def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
""" 转化为列表用于打印 """ """转化为列表用于打印"""
arr: list[int] = [] arr: list[int] = []
node = self.__peek node = self.__peek
while node: while node:
@ -951,35 +953,36 @@ comments: true
```python title="array_stack.py" ```python title="array_stack.py"
class ArrayStack: class ArrayStack:
""" 基于数组实现的栈 """ """基于数组实现的栈"""
def __init__(self) -> None: def __init__(self) -> None:
""" 构造方法 """ """构造方法"""
self.__stack: list[int] = [] self.__stack: list[int] = []
def size(self) -> int: def size(self) -> int:
""" 获取栈的长度 """ """获取栈的长度"""
return len(self.__stack) return len(self.__stack)
def is_empty(self) -> bool: def is_empty(self) -> bool:
""" 判断栈是否为空 """ """判断栈是否为空"""
return self.__stack == [] return self.__stack == []
def push(self, item: int) -> None: def push(self, item: int) -> None:
""" 入栈 """ """入栈"""
self.__stack.append(item) self.__stack.append(item)
def pop(self) -> int: def pop(self) -> int:
""" 出栈 """ """出栈"""
assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空" assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空"
return self.__stack.pop() return self.__stack.pop()
def peek(self) -> int: def peek(self) -> int:
""" 访问栈顶元素 """ """访问栈顶元素"""
assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空" assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空"
return self.__stack[-1] return self.__stack[-1]
def to_list(self) -> list[int]: def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
""" 返回列表用于打印 """ """返回列表用于打印"""
return self.__stack return self.__stack
``` ```

22
chapter_tree/avl_tree.md
View File

@ -195,14 +195,14 @@ G. M. Adelson-Velsky 和 E. M. Landis 在其 1962 年发表的论文 "An algorit
```python title="avl_tree.py" ```python title="avl_tree.py"
def height(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> int: def height(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> int:
""" 获取节点高度 """ """获取节点高度"""
# 空节点高度为 -1 ，叶节点高度为 0 # 空节点高度为 -1 ，叶节点高度为 0
if node is not None: if node is not None:
return node.height return node.height
return -1 return -1
def __update_height(self, node: TreeNode | None): def __update_height(self, node: TreeNode | None):
""" 更新节点高度 """ """更新节点高度"""
# 节点高度等于最高子树高度 + 1 # 节点高度等于最高子树高度 + 1
node.height = max([self.height(node.left), self.height(node.right)]) + 1 node.height = max([self.height(node.left), self.height(node.right)]) + 1
``` ```
@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ G. M. Adelson-Velsky 和 E. M. Landis 在其 1962 年发表的论文 "An algorit
```python title="avl_tree.py" ```python title="avl_tree.py"
def balance_factor(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> int: def balance_factor(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> int:
""" 获取平衡因子 """ """获取平衡因子"""
# 空节点平衡因子为 0 # 空节点平衡因子为 0
if node is None: if node is None:
return 0 return 0
@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
```python title="avl_tree.py" ```python title="avl_tree.py"
def __right_rotate(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None: def __right_rotate(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 右旋操作 """ """右旋操作"""
child = node.left child = node.left
grand_child = child.right grand_child = child.right
# 以 child 为原点，将 node 向右旋转 # 以 child 为原点，将 node 向右旋转
@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
```python title="avl_tree.py" ```python title="avl_tree.py"
def __left_rotate(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None: def __left_rotate(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 左旋操作 """ """左旋操作"""
child = node.right child = node.right
grand_child = child.left grand_child = child.left
# 以 child 为原点，将 node 向左旋转 # 以 child 为原点，将 node 向左旋转
@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
```python title="avl_tree.py" ```python title="avl_tree.py"
def __rotate(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None: def __rotate(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡 """ """执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡"""
# 获取节点 node 的平衡因子 # 获取节点 node 的平衡因子
balance_factor = self.balance_factor(node) balance_factor = self.balance_factor(node)
# 左偏树 # 左偏树
@ -1251,12 +1251,12 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
```python title="avl_tree.py" ```python title="avl_tree.py"
def insert(self, val) -> TreeNode: def insert(self, val) -> TreeNode:
""" 插入节点 """ """插入节点"""
self.__root = self.__insert_helper(self.__root, val) self.__root = self.__insert_helper(self.__root, val)
return self.__root return self.__root
def __insert_helper(self, node: TreeNode | None, val: int) -> TreeNode: def __insert_helper(self, node: TreeNode | None, val: int) -> TreeNode:
""" 递归插入节点（辅助方法）""" """递归插入节点（辅助方法）"""
if node is None: if node is None:
return TreeNode(val) return TreeNode(val)
# 1. 查找插入位置，并插入节点 # 1. 查找插入位置，并插入节点
@ -1576,12 +1576,12 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
```python title="avl_tree.py" ```python title="avl_tree.py"
def remove(self, val: int) -> TreeNode | None: def remove(self, val: int) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 删除节点 """ """删除节点"""
self.__root = self.__remove_helper(self.__root, val) self.__root = self.__remove_helper(self.__root, val)
return self.__root return self.__root
def __remove_helper(self, node: TreeNode | None, val: int) -> TreeNode | None: def __remove_helper(self, node: TreeNode | None, val: int) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 递归删除节点（辅助方法） """ """递归删除节点（辅助方法）"""
if node is None: if node is None:
return None return None
# 1. 查找节点，并删除之 # 1. 查找节点，并删除之
@ -1608,7 +1608,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
return self.__rotate(node) return self.__rotate(node)
def __get_inorder_next(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None: def __get_inorder_next(self, node: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 获取中序遍历中的下一个节点（仅适用于 root 有左子节点的情况） """ """获取中序遍历中的下一个节点（仅适用于 root 有左子节点的情况）"""
if node is None: if node is None:
return None return None
# 循环访问左子节点，直到叶节点时为最小节点，跳出 # 循环访问左子节点，直到叶节点时为最小节点，跳出

8
chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.md
View File

@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="binary_search_tree.py" ```python title="binary_search_tree.py"
def search(self, num: int) -> TreeNode | None: def search(self, num: int) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 查找节点 """ """查找节点"""
cur: TreeNode | None = self.__root cur: TreeNode | None = self.__root
# 循环查找，越过叶节点后跳出 # 循环查找，越过叶节点后跳出
while cur is not None: while cur is not None:
@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="binary_search_tree.py" ```python title="binary_search_tree.py"
def insert(self, num: int) -> TreeNode | None: def insert(self, num: int) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 插入节点 """ """插入节点"""
# 若树为空，直接提前返回 # 若树为空，直接提前返回
if self.__root is None: if self.__root is None:
return None return None
@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="binary_search_tree.py" ```python title="binary_search_tree.py"
def remove(self, num: int) -> TreeNode | None: def remove(self, num: int) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 删除节点 """ """删除节点"""
# 若树为空，直接提前返回 # 若树为空，直接提前返回
if self.__root is None: if self.__root is None:
return None return None
@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ comments: true
return cur return cur
def get_inorder_next(self, root: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None: def get_inorder_next(self, root: TreeNode | None) -> TreeNode | None:
""" 获取中序遍历中的下一个节点（仅适用于 root 有左子节点的情况） """ """获取中序遍历中的下一个节点（仅适用于 root 有左子节点的情况）"""
if root is None: if root is None:
return root return root
# 循环访问左子节点，直到叶节点时为最小节点，跳出 # 循环访问左子节点，直到叶节点时为最小节点，跳出

8
chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal.md
View File

@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="binary_tree_bfs.py" ```python title="binary_tree_bfs.py"
def level_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> list[int]: def level_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> list[int]:
""" 层序遍历 """ """层序遍历"""
# 初始化队列，加入根节点 # 初始化队列，加入根节点
queue: deque[TreeNode] = deque() queue: deque[TreeNode] = deque()
queue.append(root) queue.append(root)
@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ comments: true
```python title="binary_tree_dfs.py" ```python title="binary_tree_dfs.py"
def pre_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None: def pre_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
""" 前序遍历 """ """前序遍历"""
if root is None: if root is None:
return return
# 访问优先级：根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树 # 访问优先级：根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ comments: true
pre_order(root=root.right) pre_order(root=root.right)
def in_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None: def in_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
""" 中序遍历 """ """中序遍历"""
if root is None: if root is None:
return return
# 访问优先级：左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树 # 访问优先级：左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ comments: true
in_order(root=root.right) in_order(root=root.right)
def post_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None: def post_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
""" 后序遍历 """ """后序遍历"""
if root is None: if root is None:
return return
# 访问优先级：左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点 # 访问优先级：左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点